1.4
Reconstruction to Industrialization
September 1, 2025
Shivohm Karogal
6
Min Read
AI Summary
These revision notes focus on the aftermath of Reconstruction, the rise of racial segregation, and the rapid industrial growth of the Gilded Age. For example, Jim Crow laws enforced “separate but equal” segregation, denying African Americans equal rights in education, voting, and public services for nearly a century. Westward expansion continued under Manifest Destiny but caused widespread displacement and death among Indigenous peoples. The Gilded Age saw booming industries like steel and textiles alongside mass immigration, which fueled urban growth but also led to poor working conditions, child labor, and environmental pollution.
End of Reconstruction & Rise of Jim Crow
Jim Crow Laws: Enforced racial segregation under “separate but equal” doctrine.
Denied African Americans equal access to education, voting, and public services.
Remained in effect from the 1870s to the 1960s.
Westward Expansion
Driven by Manifest Destiny.
Resulted in mass displacement and deaths of Indigenous populations.
Gilded Age: Industrial Growth and Urbanization
Period of rapid industrialization (1870s–1900s).
Increased production of steel, textiles, and iron.
Mass immigration to cities led to:
Poor working conditions
Child labor
Environmental pollution